overview

Below is a formal expression of the ObjectTalk scripting language in Extended Backus–Naur Form (EBNF). You can read more about this notation on Wikipedia. The pretty diagrams were created using the "RailRoad Diagram Generator" which translates EBNF into HTML with pictures. This tool is highly recommended for visualizing grammar.

module

module ::= statement*

statement

statement ::= expression ";"
| block
| "var" name ("=" expression)? ";"
| "class" name ":" expression block
| "function" name "(" ((name ("," name)*)?) ")" block
| "if" expression block ("elif" expression block)* ("else" block)?
| "while" expression block
| "do" block "while" expression ";"
| "for" name "in" expression block
| "throw" expression ";"
| "try" block "catch" name block
| "return" expression ";"

block

block ::= "{" statement* "}"

expression

expression ::= conditional (
    "=" expression |
    "*=" expression |
    "/=" expression |
    "%=" expression |
    "+=" expression |
    "-=" expression |
    "|=" expression |
    "^=" expression |
    "&=" expression)*

conditional

conditional ::= or ("?" expression ":" expression)?

or

or ::= and ("||" and)*

and

and ::= bytewise-or ("&&" bytewise-or)*

bytewise-or

bytewise-or ::= bytewise-xor ("|" bytewise-xor)*

bytewise-xor

bytewise-xor ::= bytewise-and ("^" bytewise-and)*

bytewise-and

bytewise-and ::= equal ("&" equal)*

equal

equal ::= relation ("==" relation  | "!=" relation)*

relation

relation ::= shift (
    "<" shift |
    "<=" shift |
    ">" shift |
    ">=" shift |
    "in" shift |
    "not in" shift)*

shift

shift ::= addition ("<<" addition | ">>" addition)*

addition

addition ::= multiplication ("+" multiplication | "-" multiplication)*

multiplication

multiplication ::= prefix ("*" prefix | "/" prefix | "%" prefix)*

prefix

prefix ::= ("-" | "!" | "^" | "++" | "--")? postfix

postfix

postfix ::= primary ("[" expression "]" | "(" expression ("," expression)* ")" | "." name | "++" | "--")*

primary

primary ::= "(" expression ")"
| "[" expression ("," expression)* "]"
| "{" string ":" expression ("," string ":" expression)* "}"
| integer
| real
| string
| function
| name
| "super" "." name

integer

integer ::= [-+]? ([1-9][0-9]* | "0"[Bb][01]+ | "0"[Oo][0-7]+ | "0"[Xx][0-9A-Fa-f]+ | "0"[0-7]*)

real

real ::= [-]? [0-9][0-9]*.[0-9][0-9]* ([Ee] [-]? [0-9][0-9]*)?

string

string ::= '"' ("\u" [0-9A-Fa-f] [0-9A-Fa-f] [0-9A-Fa-f] [0-9A-Fa-f] | '\' ["\bfnrt] | [^\\"])* '"'

function

function ::= "function" "(" ((name ("," name)*)?) ")" block

name

name ::= [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*